The European buff coat is an item of leather clothing that was primarily worn by cavalry and officers during the 17th century, but also worn by a small number of infantry. It was often worn under armour. The buff coat was derived from the simple leather jerkins employed by huntsmen and soldiers during the Tudor period, these in turn deriving from the arming doublet.[1] The name of the jacket, as well as its characteristic tan or buff colour, derives from the buffalo or ox hide from which it was commonly made.[2]
Production, appearance and variation[edit]
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The buff coat was worn as European military attire from around 1600 through to the 1680s.[3] The origin of the term 'buff' in relation to the coat refers to leather obtained from the 'European buffalo' (available sources do not specify what species this term means, but it most probably refers to the Wisent), which also gave rise to the term buff for its light tan colour. The only source of buffalo leather in the early 17th century was Germany. Most buff coats, however, were made from thick cowhide. While mainly worn for military use, its design reflects civilian styles fashionable during the early 17th century, with a high waist and flared skirts extending to the thighs. It is related to the earlier sleeveless doublet or jerkin, likewise made of thick leather.[2]
Made in sleeveless and sleeved variants, the very finest buff coats were made of the hide of the European elk.[4]Buff leather was produced by a method of 'oil tanning'; following treatment with lime the hide was scraped to remove the outer layer, which gave the finished product a matt surface. The hide then had cod oil worked into it in a process called 'kicking' and was finally air-dried. The oiling and drying steps could be repeated. The finished leather attained its characteristic buff colour and was supple, durable and weather resistant.[5]
Due to the thickness of the leather, the seams of these coats were all butt-jointed, with hidden or partially hidden stitches.[6] Thread holes were punched with an awl before stitching, since needles then in use could not puncture the hide.[2] Extant examples are lined, either with coarse linen or silk.[6] Closures included laces threaded through eyelets, buttons, loops, and clasps. They were often worn with lace cuffs and collars, as well as brightly colored sashes or baldrics worn diagonally.[2] All extant English examples are closed with hooks and eyes. Many high quality examples show apparent fastenings of gold or silver tape at the front, however, these were merely decorative, the real fastenings being hidden hooks and eyes attached to the inside of the join.[6] Some of the highest quality buff coats, typically shown in portraits of officers, had multiple stripes of gold or silver lace running lengthwise down, or hooped around, the sleeves.[7][8]
Most surviving examples have sleeves, but a minority are sleeveless.[7][8] (Removable sleeves were common for men's clothing in the 17th century.[2]) Sleeves could be of a single thickness of leather from shoulder to wrist, or alternatively of a double thickness from the shoulder to the elbow, with a single thickness, to allow freedom of movement, to the wrist. All buff coats had deep skirts attached, which protected the upper legs of the wearer.[7][8] The thickest parts of the leather were generally placed so as to protect the wearer's legs while on horseback.[2] The extant collection of buff coats preserved at Littlecote House dating to 1649–1660, contains examples with leather varying from 0.06 to 0.22 inches (1.5 to 5.6 mm) in thickness and entire coats weighing between 4 lb 4 oz and 7 lb 8 oz (1.9–3.4 kg).[9]
English buff coat 1630–1640 showing false fastening of silver tape down the front. Metropolitan Museum of Art
A Royalist cavalry officer of the English Civil War, wearing a buff coat under a cuirass. The buff coat has sleeves decorated with bands of gold lace. Portrait of Richard Neville, by William Dobson, 17th century
Use[edit]
The coat provided some protection against cuts by swords and other edged weapons; however the buff coat was ineffective against thrusts; it was also ineffective as a protection from firearms, possibly excepting spent bullets. The buff coat was often worn under the plate armour cuirass, where it helped to cushion the wearer from chafing or bruising by the armour's edges. It was also worn on its own, as the buff coat was much more comfortable to wear for long periods of time than the cuirass. The finest quality buff coats were expensive, often much more so than the munition armour cuirasses typically issued to common soldiers, which may account for their widespread association with officers and other men of greater than average wealth.[10][11]
The buff coat was used in place of armour during the Thirty Years' War and the English Civil War.[12] Together with the lobster-tailed pot helmet and cuirass it formed the basis of the equipment of the harquebusier, the typical form of European cavalryman of the 17th century.[13] Although worn by some foot soldiers, in battle it was mainly restricted to use by affluent cavalry troops.[12] Buff coats were issued to a minority of musketeers in the pike and shot formations to give them some protection during hand-to-hand combat. The buff coat was also worn by civilians requiring a protective and durable garment, such as huntsmen and men travelling on horseback.[13]
See also[edit]
- Gambeson, a padded jacket, worn singly as armor or combined with mail or plate armor
Citations[edit]
- ^Tincey (1990), p. 15.
- ^ abcdefDoering (2016).
- ^Dowen (2015), pp. 158, 172.
- ^Brzezinski (1993), p. 12.
- ^Tincey (2002), p. 59.
- ^ abcBlackmore (1990), pp. 19, 22.
- ^ abcHaythornthwaite (1983), pp. 25, 37.
- ^ abcBlackmore (1990), pp. 22–23.
- ^Tincey (2002), p. 60.
- ^Blackmore (1990), pp. 18–19.
- ^Tincey (2002), p. 18.
- ^ abNolan (2006).
- ^ abHaythornthwaite (1983), pp. 25, 45.
Cited works[edit]
- Blackmore, D. (1990). Arms & Armour of the English Civil Wars. R. Hook, illustrator. Trustees of the Royal Armouries. ISBN0-948092-08-4.
- Brzezinski, R. (1993). The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (2) Cavalry. Osprey Publishing. ISBN1-85532-350-8.
- Doering, Mary D. (2016). 'Buff Coats, 1600–1714'. In F., José Blanco; Doering, Mary (eds.). Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 42–43. ISBN978-1-61069-310-3.
- Dowen, Keith (March 2015). 'The Seventeenth Century Buff Coat'. Journal of the Arms and Armour Society. XXI (5): 157–188. ISSN0004-2439.
- Haythornthwaite, P (1983). The English Civil War, 1642–1651: An Illustrated Military History. Blandford Press. ISBN1-85409-323-1.
- Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 1. Greenwood Press. p. 97. ISBN978-0-313-33733-8.
- Tincey, J. (1990). Soldiers of the English Civil War (2) Cavalry. A. McBride, illustrator. Osprey Publishing. ISBN0-85045-940-0.
- Tincey, J. (2002). Ironsides: English Cavalry, 1588–1688. G. Turner, illustrator. Osprey Publishing. ISBN1-84176-213-X.
External links[edit]
- Media related to Buff coats at Wikimedia Commons
Tips for BufferKey removal
BufferKey is an adware type app that posses certain traits of browser hijackers as well. It operates by running various intrusive ad campaigns, modifying the installed web browsers' settings to promote fake search engine. It promotes Safe Finder through akamaidhd.net. Additionally, it can track users' browsing information. Since users install this app unintentionally –the app is also called potentially unwanted application.
Adware enables the placement of the advertisements in the form of pop-ups, banners, coupons, surveys etc containing third party graphical content. This feature diminishes the browsing app significantly as the overlay ads limits the websites' visibility and speed of web browsing session. In addition, upon being clicked, such ads cause redirect to various untrustworthy/malicious pages and even execute scripts to stealthily download/install malicious malware. Browser hijackers reassign browsers' homepage, new tab page and default search engine options to the URL address of the site that they promote. The BufferKey promotes Safe Finder through akamaihd.net in this manner. This forces users to visit the said site all the time when they open their browsing tab and enter any queries on the search URL bar. Typically, fake search engines generate search results generated by some legit searching tools. In this case, the users get the final results on the search.yahoo.com page. However, the redirection is not harmful, but this will significantly affect the web browsing app. Also, this allows the crooks to control the redirects. Other dangerous feature of the BufferKey app is to track users' browsing session and collect the data include:
- IP addresses,
- Search queries,
- Viewed pages,
- URLs visited,
- ISP,
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- Type of OS and browser used and so on
Such data could be shared to potent crooks who misuse them to generate illicit revenue. Thus, the data tracking can result into huge risk of privacy and can cause identity exposure. To prevent such issues, immediately remove BufferKey from the device.
Beware from software bundling-PUPs could be hidden inside
Typically, PUPs are distributed by using software bundling method. It allows the developers to attach their apps with some regular software and offer the bundled apps for the download as a package in a single unit. The crooks hide the PUPs behind the Custom/Advanced and other similar options so that the users do not notice the presence of them during the download moment and lead the inadvertent installation of the apps in their device, when they proceed with the casual procedures of rushing the download and skipping most of the installation steps.
Fortunately, you can prevent this situation. For this, you need to be careful during software download, especially during the installation moment. Instead of skipping the installation steps, choose Custom/Advanced option and pay attention to each step of the installation. This way, you will get a list of all the apps attached with the regular software you download. So, you can deselect the unwanted apps from the list of the apps that get installed. Also, if possible, try to use only official websites and direct links for any software download and avoid any third party sites that are deemed as untrustworthy. For betterment, employ some reputable antivirus tool to automatically remove BufferKey from the device.
Remove BufferKey
Manual malware removal guide is provided below in step by step manner. Follow it so that you will not find any trouble during removal process. You can use some reputable antivirus tool to automatically remove BufferKey from the system.
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Remove Files and Folders Related to BufferKey
Open the 'Menu' bar and click the 'Finder' icon. Select 'Go' and click on 'Go to Folder…'
Step 1: Search the suspicious and doubtful malware generated files in /Library/LaunchAgents folder
Type /Library/LaunchAgents in the 'Go to Folder' option
In the 'Launch Agent' folder, search for all the files that you have recently downloaded and move them to 'Trash'. Few of the examples of files created by browser-hijacker or adware are as follow, 'myppes.download.plist', 'mykotlerino.Itvbit.plist', installmac.AppRemoval.plist', and 'kuklorest.update.plist' and so on.
Step 2: Detect and remove the files generated by the adware in '/Library/Application' Support folder
In the 'Go to Folder.bar', type '/Library/Application Support'
Search for any suspicious newly added folders in 'Application Support' folder. If you detect any one of these like 'NicePlayer' or 'MPlayerX' then send them to 'Trash' folder.
Step 3: Look for the files generated by malware in /Library/LaunchAgent Folder:
Go to Folder bar and type /Library/LaunchAgents
You are in the 'LaunchAgents' folder. Here, you have to search for all the newly added files and move them to 'Trash' if you find them suspicious. Some of the examples of suspicious files generated by malware are 'myppes.download.plist', 'installmac.AppRemoved.plist', 'kuklorest.update.plist', 'mykotlerino.ltvbit.plist' and so on.
Step4: Go to /Library/LaunchDaemons Folder and search for the files created by malware
Type /Library/LaunchDaemons in the 'Go To Folder' option
In the newly opened 'LaunchDaemons' folder, search for any recently added suspicious files and move them to 'Trash'. Examples of some of the suspicious files are 'com.kuklorest.net-preferences.plist', 'com.avickUpd.plist', 'com.myppes.net-preference.plist', 'com.aoudad.net-preferences.plist' and so on.
Step 5: Use Combo Cleaner Anti-Malware and Scan your Mac PC
The malware infections could be removed from the Mac PC if you execute all the steps mentioned above in the correct way. However, it is always advised to be sure that your PC is not infected. It is suggested to scan the work-station with 'Combo Cleaner Anti-virus'.
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Once the file gets downloaded, double click on combocleaner.dmg installer in the newly opened window. Next is to open the 'Launchpad' and press on 'Combo Cleaner' icon. It is advised to wait until 'Combo Cleaner' updates the latest definition for malware detection. Click on 'Start Combo Scan' button.
A depth scan of your Mac PC will be executed in order to detect malware. If the Anti-virus scan report says 'no threat found' then you can continue with guide further. On the other hand, it is recommended to delete the detected malware infection before continuing.
Now the files and folders created by the adware is removed, you have to remove the rogue extensions from the browsers.
Remove BufferKey from Internet Browsers
Delete Doubtful and Malicious Extension from Safari The hunters hunt mac os.
Go to 'Menu Bar' and open 'Safari' browser. Select 'Safari' and then 'Preferences'
In the opened 'preferences' window, select 'Extensions' that you have recently installed. All such extensions should be detected and click the 'Uninstall' button next to it. If you are doubtful then you can remove all the extensions from 'Safari' browser as none of them are important for smooth functionality of the browser.
In case if you continue facing unwanted webpage redirections or aggressive advertisements bombarding, you can reset the 'Safari' browser.
'Reset Safari'
Open the Safari menu and choose 'preferences…' from the drop-down menu.
Go to the 'Extension' tab and set the extension slider to 'Off' position. This disables all the installed extensions in the Safari browser
Next step is to check the homepage. Go to 'Preferences…' option and choose 'General' tab. Change the homepage to your preferred URL.
Also check the default search-engine provider settings. Go to 'Preferences…' window and select the 'Search' tab and select the search-engine provider that you want such as 'Google'.
Next is to clear the Safari browser Cache- Go to 'Preferences…' window and select 'Advanced' tab and click on 'Show develop menu in the menu bar.'
Go to 'Develop' menu and select 'Empty Caches'.
Remove website data and browsing history. Chemically bonded (itch) mac os. Go to 'Safari' menu and select 'Clear History and Website Data'. Choose 'all history' and then click on 'Clear History'.
Remove Unwanted and Malicious Plug-ins from Mozilla Firefox
Delete BufferKey add-ons from Mozilla Firefox
Open the Firefox Mozilla browser. Click on the 'Open Menu' present in the top right corner of the screen. From the newly opened menu, choose 'Add-ons'.
Go to 'Extension' option and detect all the latest installed add-ons. Select each of the suspicious add-ons and click on 'Remove' button next to them.
In case if you want to 'reset' the Mozilla Firefox browser then follow the steps that has been mentioned below. Ultimate exterminator mac os.
Reset Mozilla Firefox Settings
Open the Firefox Mozilla browser and click on 'Firefox' button situated at the top left corner of the screen.
In the new menu, go to 'Help' sub-menu and choose 'Troubleshooting Information'
In the 'Troubleshooting Information' page, click on 'Reset Firefox' button.
Confirm that you want to reset the Mozilla Firefox settings to default by pressing on 'Reset Firefox' option
The browser will get restarted and the settings changes to factory default
Delete Unwanted and Malicious Extensions from Google Chrome
Open the chrome browser and click on 'Chrome menu'. From the drop down option, choose 'More Tools' and then 'Extensions'.
In the 'Extensions' option, search for all the recently installed add-ons and extensions. Select them and choose 'Trash' button. Any third-party extension is not important for the smooth functionality of the browser.
Reset Google Chrome Settings
Open the browser and click on three line bar at the top right side corner of the window.
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Go to the bottom of the newly opened window and select 'Show advanced settings'.
In the newly opened window, scroll down to the bottom and choose 'Reset browser settings'
Click on the 'Reset' button on the opened 'Reset browser settings' window
Restart the browser and the changes you get will be applied
The above mentioned manual process should be executed as it is mentioned. It is a cumbersome process and requires a lot of technical expertise. And hence it is advised for technical experts only. To be sure that your PC is free from malware, it is better that you scan the work-station with a powerful anti-malware tool. The automatic malware removal application is preferred because it doesn't requires any additional technical skills and expertise.
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Download the application and execute it on the PC to begin the depth scanning. Once the scanning gets completed, it shows the list of all the files related to BufferKey. You can select such harmful files and folders and remove them immediately.
